2010年7月7日 星期三
2010年7月1日 星期四
2010年1月22日 星期五
Mosquitoes Put the Brake on Arbovirus Evolution:..........
Mosquitoes Put the Brake on Arbovirus Evolution: Experimental Evolution Reveals Slower Mutation Accumulation in Mosquito Than Vertebrate Cells
~Nikos Vasilakis, Eleanor R. Deardorff, Joan L. Kenney, Shannan L. Rossi, Kathryn A. Hanley, Scott C. Weaver*
Abstract
Like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains DENV evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. Moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing DENV from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. To test this prediction, DENV was serially passaged in either a single human cell line (Huh-7), a single mosquito cell line (C6/36), or in alternating passages between Huh-7 and C6/36 cells. After 10 passages, consensus mutations were identified and fitness was assayed by evaluating replication kinetics in both cell types as well as in a novel cell type (Vero) that was not utilized in any of the passage series. Viruses allowed to specialize in single host cell types exhibited fitness gains in the cell type in which they were passaged, but fitness losses in the bypassed cell type, and most alternating passages, exhibited fitness gains in both cell types. Interestingly, fitness gains were observed in the alternately passaged, cloned viruses, an observation that may be attributed to the acquisition of both host cell–specific and amphi-cell-specific adaptations or to recovery from the fitness losses due to the genetic bottleneck of biological cloning. Amino acid changes common to both passage series suggested convergent evolution to replication in cell culture via positive selection. However, intriguingly, mutations accumulated more rapidly in viruses passed in Huh-7 cells than in those passed in C6/36 cells or in alternation. These results support the hypothesis that releasing DENV from host alternation facilitates adaptation, but there is limited support for the hypothesis that such alternation necessitates a fitness trade-off. Moreover, these findings suggest that patterns of genetic evolution may differ between viruses replicating in mammalian and mosquito cells.
[繼續閱讀]....
~Nikos Vasilakis, Eleanor R. Deardorff, Joan L. Kenney, Shannan L. Rossi, Kathryn A. Hanley, Scott C. Weaver*
Abstract
Like other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) is maintained in an alternating cycle of replication in arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The trade-off hypothesis suggests that this alternation constrains DENV evolution because a fitness increase in one host usually diminishes fitness in the other. Moreover, the hypothesis predicts that releasing DENV from host alternation should facilitate adaptation. To test this prediction, DENV was serially passaged in either a single human cell line (Huh-7), a single mosquito cell line (C6/36), or in alternating passages between Huh-7 and C6/36 cells. After 10 passages, consensus mutations were identified and fitness was assayed by evaluating replication kinetics in both cell types as well as in a novel cell type (Vero) that was not utilized in any of the passage series. Viruses allowed to specialize in single host cell types exhibited fitness gains in the cell type in which they were passaged, but fitness losses in the bypassed cell type, and most alternating passages, exhibited fitness gains in both cell types. Interestingly, fitness gains were observed in the alternately passaged, cloned viruses, an observation that may be attributed to the acquisition of both host cell–specific and amphi-cell-specific adaptations or to recovery from the fitness losses due to the genetic bottleneck of biological cloning. Amino acid changes common to both passage series suggested convergent evolution to replication in cell culture via positive selection. However, intriguingly, mutations accumulated more rapidly in viruses passed in Huh-7 cells than in those passed in C6/36 cells or in alternation. These results support the hypothesis that releasing DENV from host alternation facilitates adaptation, but there is limited support for the hypothesis that such alternation necessitates a fitness trade-off. Moreover, these findings suggest that patterns of genetic evolution may differ between viruses replicating in mammalian and mosquito cells.
[繼續閱讀]....
印尼富商染登革熱 掙扎四日後仍身亡
印尼富商染登革熱 掙扎四日後仍身亡 【1/21 22:59】
〔本報訊〕媒體報導，現年56歲，曾擔任汽車製造與分銷公司(PT Astra International Tbk)總裁的麥可迪勞斯林，原本為印尼最大的汽車零售商，不過卻意外地染上了登革熱，在醫院掙扎了4天之後，昨天早上仍病逝醫院。[繼續閱讀]...
〔本報訊〕媒體報導，現年56歲，曾擔任汽車製造與分銷公司(PT Astra International Tbk)總裁的麥可迪勞斯林，原本為印尼最大的汽車零售商，不過卻意外地染上了登革熱，在醫院掙扎了4天之後，昨天早上仍病逝醫院。[繼續閱讀]...
2010年1月15日 星期五
登革出血熱死亡病例
疾病管制局今（16）日公布今年第3例登革出血熱往生病例。今年入夏以來，已出現11例登革出血熱病例，分別為高雄市9例、高雄縣1例、屏東縣1例；其中有3例病例往生，2例尚在住院中。該局再次提醒民眾，目前高高屏地區登革熱病例仍持續發生，請主動清除家中積水容器，出現登革熱疑似症狀應儘速就醫並告知活動史；該局同時呼籲各醫療院所醫師，提高對於登革熱疑似病例之警覺。(繼續閱讀).......
2009 H1N1 Vaccine~Questions & Answers
Recommendations for Vaccine against 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus
Will the vaccine against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (also called "swine flu") be the same vaccine in 2010?
Yes, the vaccine to protect against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus will be the same for the entire 2009-2010 influenza season, which extends into the spring of 2010. The "2009" in the name only relates to the year the virus was first identified; it does not have to do with how long the vaccine will work or the year in which it should be administered. The 2009 H1N1 virus is not included in the 2009-2010 seasonal flu vaccine because it was identified after manufacturers had started making the seasonal flu vaccine. (繼續閱讀)......
~Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Publish or perish in China
Publish or perish in China
The pressure to rack up publications in high-impact journals could encourage misconduct, some say. ~Jane Qiu
The latest in a string of high-profile academic fraud cases in China underscores the problems of an academic-evaluation system that places disproportionate emphasis on publications, critics say. Editors at the UK-based journal Acta Crystallographica Section E last month retracted 70 published crystal structures that they allege are fabrications by researchers at Jinggangshan University in Jiangxi province. Further retractions, the editors say, are likely. (繼續閱讀)......
The pressure to rack up publications in high-impact journals could encourage misconduct, some say. ~Jane Qiu
The latest in a string of high-profile academic fraud cases in China underscores the problems of an academic-evaluation system that places disproportionate emphasis on publications, critics say. Editors at the UK-based journal Acta Crystallographica Section E last month retracted 70 published crystal structures that they allege are fabrications by researchers at Jinggangshan University in Jiangxi province. Further retractions, the editors say, are likely. (繼續閱讀)......
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